The Slave Trade Was A Never Ending Cycle - 1561 Words

Millions of lives were forever changed by the Atlantic Slave trade. Some were affected positively, in the case of slavers and wealthy slave owners. Others, the men, women, and children captured and sold into slavery were affected in an overwhelmingly negative way. Slavery was perceived and experienced in two distinctly different ways by Africans and Europeans. The Atlantic Slave Trade was a never-ending cycle, so to speak, with each part playing an integral part in the continuum of the trade of human lives for over four centuries. There is no â€Å"beginning,† so I’d like to begin in a local market in the Igbo-speaking region of southern Nigeria in 1745. Olaudah Equiano recalls a bit about these markets in his narrative, â€Å"These are sometimes†¦show more content†¦But if the white men do not comply with it they will lose the aforementioned goods†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Davidson, 1149) After all, why wait to receive only criminals when free men and women can be stolen away and made to look like any other slave. Soon after being taken by â€Å"the white men,† Africans were branded, like modern-day livestock, with a hot iron with the letter of the name of the ship transporting them. Europeans viewed Africans as little more than an animal, even saying the brand on their breast or shoulder, after being anointed with palm oil, was â€Å"usually well in four or five days, appearing very plain and white after†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as though speaking of theShow MoreRelatedA Single Alien World1132 Words   |  5 Pagesyawn from the primitive inhabitants of that remote world. The visitors could only watch as the vessel was slowly eaten away by the ravages of time. Their species was swiftly absorbed by the genetically superior native population. Their entire existence would, one day, be marginalized into a single sidebar in the history of the Hunduri people. Ten generations later, it was as if the castaways had never existed. Such a story would have surely fallen into myth if not for one small fact. A rare geneticRead MoreThe Slave System By Solomon Northup1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe slave system was kept in existence for many years since the early 1600’s. A never ending cycle of pain, and harsh conditions From being in 12 years of slavery, Solomon Northup recounts the time when he had once been a free man to be kidnapped of that freedom back in 1841. The relationships that Northup encountered were neither positive or negative . From friends he gained or his slave masters, the relationships were shaped by slavery and helped intact the slave system. 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Labouring up to 20 hours a day, seven days a week, they are often forced to eat and sleep where they work. Sometimes they are locked in at night. Children who make mistakes or try to run away risk being beaten, deprived of food or even tortured. These child

Eaters Of The Dead Essay Example For Students

Eaters Of The Dead Essay Eaters of the Dead by Michael Crichton is a fiction but with historicalbackground. Through this piece Crichton hopes to express the way of life for theVikings in the year 922 AD while at the same time creating an entertainingstory. Using a manuscript written by Ibn-Fadlan Crichton pieced together a bookfilled with adventure and excitement. Michael Crichton was born in Chicago, 1942and always knew he had a talent for writing. He attended Brown University andhas since published many books such as Jurassic Park, The RisingSun, Disclosure, and many more. Several of his books have been madeinto movies, for example, Jurassic Park, The Lost World,Sphere, Congo, and Eaters of the Dead is coming to theatresthis summer starring Antonio Banderas. Michael Crichton is also the writer ofthe hit TV show ER. Ibn-Fadlan is a refined Arab courtier representing thepowerful Caliph of Baghdad and the whole story line is based on his travels. Heis a Muslim and is sent to the Bulgar land to instruct the ki ng in the Islamicreligion, acquaint the king with Islamic laws, and build a Mosque in the city. Little does Ibn-Fadlan know where his travels will lead him. Wyglif is thepresent chief of the Northmen (at the time) he has fallen ill and is believed tohave no chance of recovery. Once he dies, shortly after becoming ill, Buliwyf ismade the new leader. Buliwyf is a young noble chosen to be the Northmens newleader once Wyglif dies. He is a courageous warrior, very tall and strong, andskin, hair, and beard of pure white. Herger, one of the Northmen warriors, alsobecame Ibn-Fadlans friend. He helped him to translate the words of theNorthmen and also helped Ibn-Fadlan become accustomed to their way of life andhow to act around the Northmen. The Wendols are characters in the storywho, as told by Ibn-Fadlan, do not seem fully human. They ride on the back of ablack horse and have the head of a bear. They are extremely fierce warriors andare quite vindictive. They give off a stench so strong it hurts to breathebecause they consume human flesh and it is always on their breath. They comewith the mist, a dark fog that encircles the land when the Wendols come. MotherWendol is the leader of the wendols and said to be extremely old. To finallybeat the Wendols, one must kill her. She lives in the cave by the sea surroundedby coiled serpents all the time. She makes an almost painful sound when shescreams and smells the worst of them all. Ibn-Fadlan is an Ambassador to theCaliph of Baghdad and has been sent to teach the King of Bulgar the Islamic wayof life, and to build a Mosque in the city. On his way to Bulgar, he stops withhis party in the land of the Northmen. Being extremely hospitable people theywelcome the Arabs to their homes and provide them with food, clothing, andshelter for a few nights. As it so happens, their chief is very ill and whilethey are there, he dies. The Northmen will not let the Arabs leave their landuntil after the funeral and ceremonies. During this long process, kin of the newleader arrives and asks for the Northmens help in defeating the Wendols. According to the Angel of Death, an old woman said to have magical powers,thirteen warriors must go to the land of the wendol, one of them not being aNorthmen. Buliwyf, the chief of the Northmen demands Ibn-Fadlan to accompany themen in their battle and become the thirteenth warrior. He will not take no foran answer, and so, Ibn-Fadlans journey begins. Twelve other warriorsaccompanied Ibn, Buliwyf, Ecthgow, Higlak, Skeld, Weath, Roneth, Halga, Helfdane,Edgtho, Rethel, Haltaf, and Herger. With them, Ibn traveled across the oceansand fought many battles. Ibn learned their culture, way of life, and theirlanguage. He formed many friendships and gained a new perspective on life. .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b , .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .postImageUrl , .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b , .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:hover , .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:visited , .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:active { border:0!important; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:active , .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4f5362653f72b3e140f027b92c48e2b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biography Of Nataniel Hawthorne EssayThough there were many difficult tasks to accomplish but Ibn managed well anddidnt realize what he was really in for. Warned many times about the wendolsIbn shrugged it off. He didnt realize the severity of the situation he wasin. They fought the wendol several times, only killing off a few and pushing thesurviving wendol to want revenge. After being beaten badly, Buliwyf announcedtheir new plan, to attack the wendol at their core, Mother Wendol. They would goto the cliff above the cave and climb down, taking the back entrance in. Fromthere they would attack the wendol when they least expected it and hopefullykill their leader. Upon arr ival at the cliff, Ibn knew he was in for somethingextreme, just climbing down the cliff was something he thought would bring himto his death. One by one, the Northmen went down the cliff, with only the rockyshore below. Finally they reached the cave and attacked. After many wendol hadbeen killed, Buliwyf went for the mother wendol. He stabbed her many times, allthe while Ibn fought off the other wendols. No matter how many times she wasstabbed, mother wendol would not fall. Finally Buliwyf struck with the fatalblow and the mother wendol collapsed over dead. As Buliwyf turned around, theremaining warriors noticed a silver pin in his stomach that the mother wendolhad stuck into him. As he pulled it out, a gush of blood came with it, and afterbeing reassured of the slaves, horses and treasure he would be allowed to takeinto the afterlife, Buliwyf passed away. But the wendol came back. They knew ofthe Northmens leaders death and took advantage of the Northmens weakness. As Ibnput it no words can describe the final attack of the wendol in the mist, nowords will say what blood was spilled, what screams filled the thick air, whathorses and horsemen died in hideous agony After the day passed, and thedevastation was taken care of, Ibn remained with the Northmen for several weeks. After a while he began to long for his homeland and told the Northmen of hissituation. With a warm farewell the Northmen bade Ibn-Fadlan goodbye and senthim off to Baghdad, home at last. Eaters of the Dead was written in firstperson and was written in a positive manner. Even with all the death anddestruction the tale had its good times. Ibn conquered many demons, includingmost of his own. He had good times with the Northmen and learned so much, it wasa new experience and showed him a whole different point of view. The language inthe book was very formal and a lot of good vocabulary words were used. Dialectwas used in accordance with the Northmen tradition. The length of the book wasjust right, not to short or too long. It kept my interest the whole time. Ithink the book was well written and interesting. It had a lot of historicalinformation but was extremely entertaining at the same time. I gained a betterperspective on the way of life for a culture I never knew I would learn anythin gabout. Though they were different from us, the Vikings had many good attributesto their society and it intrigued me to learn about them.

Essay Examples on Government Essay Example

Essay Examples on Government Paper 1st Essay Sample on Government The United States is unlike many other countries, our government is a democracy.It is broken down into 3 branches of government called the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches.Lets start with the Executive Branch.That is the branch that carries out all the laws in our world today.It is basically run by the President and the FBI.Next, we have the Legislative Branch.Theyre the ones that physically make the laws.These procedures are run by Congress.This Congress is a Capital which consists of Senior and Junior Senators and a Representative.Finally, we have the Judicial Branch.As well as the Legislative and Executive Branches, they also have their important place in Government.Theyre responsible for determining whether or not laws are broken.The Supreme Court is the king of the throne of this branch.Even though there are three different branches, none of them really stand above each other.All three have their own special place in the government, and make it to what it is today. The people in the three branches of the United States are elected by popular vote.Popular vote is made up of people who are 18 or older, and choose to register to vote.By registering to vote, the people are given the right to choose who will lead them.Not all people believe their opinion is needed or that it wont make a difference in the way the United States is lead; these are the people called nonvoters.People also choose not to vote because theyre lazy.That is the number one reason for nonvoters today.The people are just too lazy to get out of their house, go register to vote, and then physically vote.Nonvoters are never going to decrease unless someone makes them realize that their opinion is needed just like every other person.On the other hand, there are people called Cannot Voters. 2nd Essay Sample on Government In the movie The Siege, Denzel Washingtons character Anthony Hubbard explains the violated rights in the last speech he makes to General William Devereaux (Bruce Willis), and virtually covers all of the Amendments and rights that were completely trampled on by General Devereaux, his men, and the Federal Government. In the detention center where the prisoners of the army are being held in the movie there was a scene of torture in order to extract information from a man, which is prohibited by the Eighth andFifth Amendments to the Constitution which prohibit cruel and unusual punishments and the right to silence in the fifth. The man was then executed probably by Devereaux, which is also prohibited by the constitution, in the Fifth Amendment †¦ no person shall be deprived of Life, Liberty, or Property without due process of law. not to mention it was murder which is against the law. The movie is an excellent example of what happens when people are afraid, the fear of the people c aused them to over react, just as after the September eleventh terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Towers, Arab Americans were unjustly prosecuted by so called patriots and racial profiling was put into use at airports and other mass transportation centers. Thankfully the insane reaction in the movie was not mirrored after the terrible attacks on September eleventh. The false imprisonment of thousands of Arab Americans in the movie is an obvious and obscene violation of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments, which guarantee a fair trial, that the accused will not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without a fair trial, and that the accused be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Government specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Government specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Government specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Essay on Dreams Margaret Thatcher and willy

Essay on Dreams Margaret Thatcher and willy Essay on Dreams: Margaret Thatcher and willy Dreams can be life enhancing but they can also be destructive. Compare and contrast how dreams and dreaming are presented to us in these two plays. Dreams can give opportunity for a better life but can also be destructive. They can be partly successful shown through the character Marlene but can have devastating consequences for characters in both plays, especially in Death of a Salesman through the characters Willy and Biff. In the two plays, Willy and Marlene both dream of being successful in business but however, have a different perception of how to achieve this dream. Miller’s Death of a Salesman focuses on the American Dream, or at least Willy Loman’s version of it. Many people believe in The American Dream and its role in shaping peoples success. Willy had the wrong perspective of this dream, and believed the key to success was to be â€Å"well-liked† which would then open doors to business and success. He also thought, business men were risk-takers and adventurers like his uncle Ben. Willy is envious of Ben's success in the business world, â€Å"William, when I walked into the jungle, I was seventeen. When I walked out I was twenty-one. And, by God, I was rich!† - Ben's American Dream is the ability to start with nothing and somehow make a fortune. Marlene on the other hand, doesn't care if she's â€Å"well-liked† and becomes successful independently. This happened through the system of which was happening around that time, ‘Capitalism.’ This is a system of free enterprise. This means that the government doesn’t interfere in the economy and everyone earns their own money. This system was put into power by Margaret Thatcher in the early 80s. Marlene was Capitalist and was encouraged by Thatcher and worked hard for her own money and lifestyle. She is richer than her sister due to the system, as she was a Socialist. Also, the audience is presented with two different female role models; Marlene and Joyce. Marlene could be seen as a feminist role model – fighting against her female stereotype, and fighting for equality in the workplace where as Joyce is exactly the opposite, giving into the female stereotype of â€Å"mother†. At the same time both characters had to make sacrifices to their lifestyle in order to gain this dream of success. However, all of Marlene's hard work meant giving up her own child and family in order to pursue her success, leaving Angie in the hands of Joyce. This un-ables Joyce to pursue her dreams as she’s trapped in the entanglement Marlene put her in. A woman's American Dream is to have a full family, however this prevented Joyce from pursuing this - â€Å"i did get pregnant and i lost it because i was looking after your fucking baby.† Joyce and Linda are somewhat similar, as they both may dream of having a full family. Linda also wants to keep Willy happy. So, she therefore follows Willy’s dream - â€Å"She more than loves him, she admires him, as though his... massive dreams and little cruelties, served her as only sharp reminders of the turbulent longings within him† but she †lacks the temperament to utter and follow to their end.† Thi s dream of keeping Willy satisfied meant sacrificing the idea of a complete family, as she gives Biff and Happy an ultimatum; keep Willy happy, or they wouldn’t be welcome anymore. Willy does everything for his family but the entrapment of his illusional dream was beginning to tear his family apart because of the failure to reach his American dream, he begins to live this dream through his sons, Happy and Biff. Willy dreams of making them successful business men, as he says â€Å"Thats just the way i’m bringing them up, Ben - rugged, well-liked, all-around.† However, its because of this dysfunctional relationship thats begins to ruin the Loman family. Biff clashes with Willy as they both dream differently. Biff dreams of having a life in the

Continous personal development in my place of work Essay

Continous personal development in my place of work - Essay Example However, regardless of the personality the prison staff has, they have been subjected, and made to adapt, to changing circumstances in the past few years. From the working role of prison staff as depicted by Woolf to the new role of bringing about a balance and accomplishment of a constructive, aberrant behaviour work with prisoners, prison staff members are facing a dire need for continued professional development (Liebling, Price & Schefer 2011). The changing times have shifted the focus of prison roles from delivery of justice and fairness to better management of the attitude of the prisoners. Better and improved theoretical and practical models have been developed for achieving this managerial role. Power culture, role culture and person culture have all seen significant changes in the past years (Harper 1997). Moreover the advent of new technology and changes in the architectural design of the prisons, coupled with innovations in the operating framework of organizations and grea ter external monitoring of the position and utility of prisons, have widened the scope of the responsibilities prison staff are required to meet (O'Toole & Eyland 2005). This has implications for prison staff. According to Boyatzis, Cowen and Kolb (1995), educators are not in touch with learning anymore. They give out information that they have and which helps to achieve the expected results. Educators today have become intertwined in the business of giving out information rather than being proactive in learning. The changing times have served to highlight this deficiency. This is evidenced by the fact that people working at the prison are now demanding better training programs and greater opportunities to further their skills. This serves to highlight the need for any individual working at the prison to indulge in a continuous process of professional development in order to satisfy the demands of the modern era. Before scrutinizing the professional development I, being an employee at the prison, can undergo, I will revisit the models of professional development. These models will be reviewed and linked to how they apply to my place of work i.e. the prison. Generally speaking, professional development entails to the concept of improving one’s personal self as well as bringing about advancement in one’s career. It encompasses a range of initiatives undertaken by the individual such as diplomas, workshops and conferences, training and other informal means of learning offered at the place of work. One of the essentials of professional development is the evaluation of one’s progress and how aligned the process is to the goals. The programs undertaken can be formal or informal, and group-led or individual. Keeping the need for professional development into consideration, Sparks and Loucks-Horsley (1989) have cited five models for staff development. Often people follow a combination of these models to advance professionally. Before evaluating on eself through these models, one needs to answer the question that what is needed to become a better educator. Analyzing all professional development models keeping this question in context, I believe I can chart out a comprehensive continued professional development process. The first model of professional development pertains to individually guided development. It is a natural phenomenon for a person to be curious. Curiosity is a great teacher and

Gregory of Nyssa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gregory of Nyssa - Research Paper Example Gregory was born in a saintly family, during A.D. 335, being the third son, with two brothers and three sisters. He was the younger brother of the great St. Basil. As he got his education at home, he did not have much interaction with the outside world, during his early years. While he visited the Chapel for the Mother’s Convent, to attend to the services conducted in honor of ‘Forty Martyrs of Sebaste’, he got a dream where the martyrs ridiculed him for not getting baptized. Accordingly, he agreed for the baptization, at his adult age, and determined to become a reader also. Gregory followed the profession of teaching, before finally joining the monastery in Pontus, as his brother and friend Gregory of Nazianzus pursued him to do so. While reading the Holy Scriptures, he also wrote many descriptions about the natural beauty. Bishop of Nyssa Gregory was appointed Bishop of Nyssa in A.D. 370. However, he faced difficulties, as he believed in Orthodox faith. In addi tion, due to his defense of ‘The Holy Trinity and the Incarnation’, Arian and Sabellian authorities targeted him. The prosecution sent him summons to appear before the Synod of Ancyra, for misuse of church funds and being improperly ordained. He got very upset with such allegations and fell ill. His brother Basil made efforts to clean his tarnished image and was successful in getting the Synod of Bishops declare him innocent, as he was not fit to travel to Ancyra for attending the trial. However, his opponent arranged for trial at Nyssa, while Gregory refused to attend it. Finally, he was banished and deposed in the year 376. He had to change his residency many times, as he was subjected to harassment and cruelty at many places, which resulted in his despondency. However, the death of Emperor Valens in 378 changed his fortunes as the succeeding Emperor declared that all orthodox bishops must be allowed to return to their positions. Gregory went back to Nyssa and was wel comed there. Gregory succeeds Basil After the death of his brother Basil, whose funeral was preached by Gregory, he succeeding Basil and followed the Nicene Faith vigorously. Later he went on pilgrimage to Arabia, Babylon and Jerusalem, as the Emperor provided him the required carriages. Gregory’s death He died in the year A.D. 395. However, his legacy as the aggressive defender of Orthodox Faith and great teacher earned him acclaim as ‘Father of Fathers’ and ‘Star of Nyssa’. His faith in all religions and unknown destiny is expressed in his words,†all religious truth consists in mystery†.(Heroes of Fourth Century) Life of Moses The book is a treasure for Christians, as it deals with the virtue and perfection detailed in Christianity. This fourth century scripture by Gregory of Nyssa was originally written in Greek. English and French translations of this book are available today. As the book has two parts, first part details the ‘h istory of Moses’ in 77 paragraphs and the second part deals with the ‘contemplation on life of Moses’, in 321 paragraphs. Explaining a few excerpts The book has referred to verbal roots, as showing affection or having a friend. This has been mentioned in the book as a meditating tool to overcome physical and mental struggle. Another excerpt is regarding ‘Horses are eager to run’. This refers to the human nature of being over-zealous and always busy like winning in a racecourse. (The life of Moses) Referring to a child being given an ark, it details that the ‘ark’ is for crossing the stream safely. The ‘ark’ is the education that the child must have to fight the challenges of life, as it holds the child above the waves of the stream. Virtue is the ‘ark’ shaped carriage for human beings to fight the struggles and it can be acquired through education and patience. (The life of Moses) Contributions in spirituality G regory of Nyssa has contributed to the Christianity in giving us the holy script called, ‘

Globalism, Localism, and the Expansion of Tradition Essay Example for Free

Globalism, Localism, and the Expansion of Tradition Essay Owing to the rapid technological advancement and the global movement of people, there has been an uncontrolled promotion (or ‘shedding’) of cultural practices to new cultural spaces across the globe. People abandon their traditional practices and become modern or cosmopolitan to an extent of disowning their cultures of origin. This paper seeks to explore the extent to which the Hn? a? hn? u of Hidalgo, Mexico and Clearwater, Florida, are victims of this trend. Thesis The Hn? a? hn? u people have successfully pursued the problems of desolation and abject poverty. Facing them now is the challenge of globalism and modernization at the expense of detruncating their cultural elements. Their mode of pursuit of this challenge of ethnic and cultural fragmentation and modernist homogenization is quite fascinating, leaving the reader waddling in disillusionment. Main points The once marginalized Hn? a? hn? u people are now subjected to the forces of modernity and globalism. With technological advancement, the Hn? a? hn? u people now have a relatively better access to electricity, phones and other modes of communication, thus easing and promoting knowledge through interacting with other communities. A study by Schmidt, (2007) postulates that people’s â€Å"degree of access to the outside world† determines their exchange levels for cultural elements. In Hidalgo, â€Å"the levels of ‘male-out migration’ have gone beyond 70%† (Schmidt, 2007). This provides a clear implication on the levels cultural exchange among the Hn? a? hn? u people and their neighboring communities. The Hn? a? hn? us’ pursuit of modernity and globalism while upholding their cultural tenets is a complex process that eludes facile explanations, (Baumann, 1975). Analysis Schmidt divides his article into three distinct sections. In the first section, he gives a brief outline of the history of the Hn? a? hn? u. In this section, Schmidt postulates that the Hn? a? hn? u have been living in the Mezquital Valley (State of Hidalgo, Mexico) since around 250 BC. An intense conquest by the Aztecs and Spaniards, among others, made the Hn? a? hn? u to flee to the â€Å"most arid and desolate areas of the valley† (Schmidt, 2007). This was a major economic challenge for the Hn? a? hn? u, and hence like many other ethnic minorities in the world, the Hn? a? hn? u lived in desolation and abject poverty. Efforts by the Mexican government to flee the Hn? a? hn? u from the problem of desolation and poverty received an overwhelming resistance from the different regional and local factions. It was not until the 1970s when Mun? oz-a newly appointed anthropologist, in an effort to restore the dignity and a sense of agency to the Hn? a? hn? u, changed the nature of the interactions between them and the PIVM, (Baumann, 1975). The second section of Schmidt’s article discusses the politics of â€Å"selective cultural reception and appropriation that challenge the purported hegemony of the globe† (Schmidt, 2007). Despite criticism by the Mexican elite, the Hn? a? hn? u represent a powerful instance of re appropriation of cultural symbols and social and cultural space, Appadurai, A. (1996). A critical analysis of their history not only illustrates their resilience but also questions the possibility of a hegemonic power to impose and shape differences into monolithic entities ignoring local agencies and their intermediations with history, gender, class, ethnicity, and the counter-power relations that ensue. Some time the Hn? a? hn? u tried to carve out spaces and build political power within and without the state (Langer and Mun? oz, 2003). These can be referred to as politics of reception, appropriation and reproduction which represent an effort to build and uphold a new sense of cultural and political empowerment both within and beyond the Mexican and American states. At present, the Hn? a? hn? u have migrated and are using electronic media for remitting information. This has not only sped up the mutual processes of cultural negotiation and appropriation but also symbolizes a new sense of the global as modern and the modern as global, (Appadurai, 1996, p. 10). In the third section, Schmidt describes two processes which portray the dialectic process a politics of reception and appropriation that selectively (re)formulates and (re)negotiates the local and the global as co-constituents of (re)defined socio-spatial locations which defy rigid geopolitical boundaries of both (Schmidt, 2007). These two instances are Radio Bilingu? e and Mujeres Reunidas. Schmidt illustrates how the Hn? a? hn? u are transforming to modernity at the same time upholding their indigenous values and identities. For example, in an effort to promote the Mexican culture and Spanish language, community leaders are trained in the bilingual indigenous schools, (Baumann, 1975). Schmidt concludes the article by briefly highlighting the dialectics of the ‘traditional’ that ensue. The Hn? a? hn? u are struggling to adapt to new global challenges, at the same time pursuing their own culturally and socially defined interests. The Hn? a? hn? u can be viewed as a representative of a traditional with a global flavor (Langer Mun? oz, 2003). Schmidt postulates that the traditional is not something secluded, motionless or rigid that can be fixed in a museum. This article provides an inevitable case of negotiation and transformation. â€Å"Mass emigration† (Baumann, 1975) of men from Hidalgo provides a challenge for the women to revitalize and promote the traditional Hn? a? hn? u culture through establishing of cooperatives for the traditional cottage industry. It is this process of (re) creation and (re) negotiation of the traditional that enhances localities. However, certain weaknesses stand out. The commitment of bilingual teachers and community leaders in advocating for modernity and upholding of their cultural tenets is questionable. This is due to the fact that the people are stuck to the ideological past and as such unwilling to modernize. Verdict This is quite a reflective article that any one in pursuit of modernity and globalism cannot afford to ignore. This is because globalism and modernity as postulated in this article come with ‘new’ trends. As such, it is necessary to determine the extent to which one pursues the new trend and upholds his/her cultural elements. The Hn? a? hn? u are using their tradition to help them modernize. References Schmidt, E. (2007). Whose Culture? Globalism, Localism, and the Expansion of Tradition: The Case of the Hn? a? hn? u of Hidalgo, Mexico and Clearwater, Florida. Florida: University of South Florida. Langer, E. Mun? oz, E. (2003). Contemporary Indigenous Movements in Latin America. Jaguar: Books on Latin America. Baumann, W. (1975). Economic development and culture change in an Otom village: a critical analysis. Plainfield: Goddard College Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large. Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.