Globalism, Localism, and the Expansion of Tradition Essay Example for Free

Globalism, Localism, and the Expansion of Tradition Essay Owing to the rapid technological advancement and the global movement of people, there has been an uncontrolled promotion (or ‘shedding’) of cultural practices to new cultural spaces across the globe. People abandon their traditional practices and become modern or cosmopolitan to an extent of disowning their cultures of origin. This paper seeks to explore the extent to which the Hn? a? hn? u of Hidalgo, Mexico and Clearwater, Florida, are victims of this trend. Thesis The Hn? a? hn? u people have successfully pursued the problems of desolation and abject poverty. Facing them now is the challenge of globalism and modernization at the expense of detruncating their cultural elements. Their mode of pursuit of this challenge of ethnic and cultural fragmentation and modernist homogenization is quite fascinating, leaving the reader waddling in disillusionment. Main points The once marginalized Hn? a? hn? u people are now subjected to the forces of modernity and globalism. With technological advancement, the Hn? a? hn? u people now have a relatively better access to electricity, phones and other modes of communication, thus easing and promoting knowledge through interacting with other communities. A study by Schmidt, (2007) postulates that people’s â€Å"degree of access to the outside world† determines their exchange levels for cultural elements. In Hidalgo, â€Å"the levels of ‘male-out migration’ have gone beyond 70%† (Schmidt, 2007). This provides a clear implication on the levels cultural exchange among the Hn? a? hn? u people and their neighboring communities. The Hn? a? hn? us’ pursuit of modernity and globalism while upholding their cultural tenets is a complex process that eludes facile explanations, (Baumann, 1975). Analysis Schmidt divides his article into three distinct sections. In the first section, he gives a brief outline of the history of the Hn? a? hn? u. In this section, Schmidt postulates that the Hn? a? hn? u have been living in the Mezquital Valley (State of Hidalgo, Mexico) since around 250 BC. An intense conquest by the Aztecs and Spaniards, among others, made the Hn? a? hn? u to flee to the â€Å"most arid and desolate areas of the valley† (Schmidt, 2007). This was a major economic challenge for the Hn? a? hn? u, and hence like many other ethnic minorities in the world, the Hn? a? hn? u lived in desolation and abject poverty. Efforts by the Mexican government to flee the Hn? a? hn? u from the problem of desolation and poverty received an overwhelming resistance from the different regional and local factions. It was not until the 1970s when Mun? oz-a newly appointed anthropologist, in an effort to restore the dignity and a sense of agency to the Hn? a? hn? u, changed the nature of the interactions between them and the PIVM, (Baumann, 1975). The second section of Schmidt’s article discusses the politics of â€Å"selective cultural reception and appropriation that challenge the purported hegemony of the globe† (Schmidt, 2007). Despite criticism by the Mexican elite, the Hn? a? hn? u represent a powerful instance of re appropriation of cultural symbols and social and cultural space, Appadurai, A. (1996). A critical analysis of their history not only illustrates their resilience but also questions the possibility of a hegemonic power to impose and shape differences into monolithic entities ignoring local agencies and their intermediations with history, gender, class, ethnicity, and the counter-power relations that ensue. Some time the Hn? a? hn? u tried to carve out spaces and build political power within and without the state (Langer and Mun? oz, 2003). These can be referred to as politics of reception, appropriation and reproduction which represent an effort to build and uphold a new sense of cultural and political empowerment both within and beyond the Mexican and American states. At present, the Hn? a? hn? u have migrated and are using electronic media for remitting information. This has not only sped up the mutual processes of cultural negotiation and appropriation but also symbolizes a new sense of the global as modern and the modern as global, (Appadurai, 1996, p. 10). In the third section, Schmidt describes two processes which portray the dialectic process a politics of reception and appropriation that selectively (re)formulates and (re)negotiates the local and the global as co-constituents of (re)defined socio-spatial locations which defy rigid geopolitical boundaries of both (Schmidt, 2007). These two instances are Radio Bilingu? e and Mujeres Reunidas. Schmidt illustrates how the Hn? a? hn? u are transforming to modernity at the same time upholding their indigenous values and identities. For example, in an effort to promote the Mexican culture and Spanish language, community leaders are trained in the bilingual indigenous schools, (Baumann, 1975). Schmidt concludes the article by briefly highlighting the dialectics of the ‘traditional’ that ensue. The Hn? a? hn? u are struggling to adapt to new global challenges, at the same time pursuing their own culturally and socially defined interests. The Hn? a? hn? u can be viewed as a representative of a traditional with a global flavor (Langer Mun? oz, 2003). Schmidt postulates that the traditional is not something secluded, motionless or rigid that can be fixed in a museum. This article provides an inevitable case of negotiation and transformation. â€Å"Mass emigration† (Baumann, 1975) of men from Hidalgo provides a challenge for the women to revitalize and promote the traditional Hn? a? hn? u culture through establishing of cooperatives for the traditional cottage industry. It is this process of (re) creation and (re) negotiation of the traditional that enhances localities. However, certain weaknesses stand out. The commitment of bilingual teachers and community leaders in advocating for modernity and upholding of their cultural tenets is questionable. This is due to the fact that the people are stuck to the ideological past and as such unwilling to modernize. Verdict This is quite a reflective article that any one in pursuit of modernity and globalism cannot afford to ignore. This is because globalism and modernity as postulated in this article come with ‘new’ trends. As such, it is necessary to determine the extent to which one pursues the new trend and upholds his/her cultural elements. The Hn? a? hn? u are using their tradition to help them modernize. References Schmidt, E. (2007). Whose Culture? Globalism, Localism, and the Expansion of Tradition: The Case of the Hn? a? hn? u of Hidalgo, Mexico and Clearwater, Florida. Florida: University of South Florida. Langer, E. Mun? oz, E. (2003). Contemporary Indigenous Movements in Latin America. Jaguar: Books on Latin America. Baumann, W. (1975). Economic development and culture change in an Otom village: a critical analysis. Plainfield: Goddard College Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large. Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

John Ernst Steinbeck :: Essays Papers

John Ernst Steinbeck Chronology Born: February 27,1902 in the family home. He lived at 132 Central Avenue, Salinas, CA. He wrote his first stories here as a child. Father: John Ernst Steinbeck. He lived 1863-1935. He was the County Treasurer. Mother: Olive Hamilton Steinbeck. She lived 1867-1934. She was an elementary teacher. Sisters: Elizabeth Steinbeck Ainsworth. She was born on May 25,1894 and died on October 20, 1992. She lived in Pacific Grove, CA. Esther Steinbeck Rodgers. She was born April 14,1892 and died on May 9,1986. She lived in Watsonville, CA Mary Steinbeck Dekker. She was born on January 9,1905 and died January 23,1965. She is buried in the family plot. 1919: Graduated from Salinas High School, then located on West Alisal Street across from the post office. Began attending Stanford University. 1919 - 1925: He attended Stanford University. 1925: He went to New York City, working odd jobs, including manual labor for the construction of Madison Square Garden. He was unable to find a publisher. He returned to California the next year. 1929: Cup of Gold became his first published novel. 1930: Married Carol Henning and moved to the family home in Pacific Grove. His father helped support the struggling couple. They divorced in 1942. She lived in Carmel Valley, CA after and died February 8, 1983. 1932: The Pastures of Heaven became his first published work set in Monterey County. 1934: His mother died in the Salinas home. John had stayed in the home to take care of her. After this experience, Steinbeck wrote to a friend, "The house in Salinas is pretty haunted now. I see things walking at night that it is not good to see." Steinbeck wrote to 1934: A short story set in Monterey County, The Murder, won an O. Henry Prize. 1935: His father died. This was the first year Steinbeck had commercial success. Tortilla Flat was an instant hit. 1935: He won the Commonwealth Club of California Gold Medal for Best Novel by a Californian for Tortilla Flat. 1936: He again won the Commonwealth Club of California Gold Medal for Best Novel by a Californian for In Dubious Battle. 1936: Of Mice and Men, set around Soledad, was produced as a novel and then as a play. The Red Pony by Steinbeck also won recognition. Steinbeck mentioned labor violence in Salinas in a letter, "There are riots in Salinas and killings in the streets of that dear little town where I was born.

Treasury Report

{TOPIC} AN ASSESSMENT OF TREASURY MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS BASED ON ITS REVENUE. BY: NAME: ONIFADE AYOMIDE OLUWATOBA MATRIC NO: 09/SMS02/015 BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT THAT IS TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING FACULTY OF AFE BABALOLA UNIVERSITY ADO-EKITI, EKITI STATE, NIGERIA. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BARCHELOR OF SCIENCE (B. SC) HONS IN ACCOUNTING. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE 1. 1Background of the study CHAPTER TWO 2. 0Literature Review CHAPTER THREE 3. 0Research MethodologyCHAPTER FOUR 4. 0Data Presentation and analysis CHAPTER FIVE 5. 0Summary 5. 1Conclusion. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Local government in any nation like Nigeria is an entity through which government and its policies are carried to the grass root. The government body of such an entity is selected or otherwise locally selected. It constitutes an integral party of a country overall political structure. The cr eation of local government is made by the law of the state government with intention of bringing government to the people.It is clearly understand that even if the machinery of the state government stops franchising law and order will still prevail, if local council in Nigeria continues to exist. According to Okoli (1998) local government exist to fell the gasp which the national government is to remote to fell, it bring the national government closer to the people and make its impact feet in all the nooks and cronies of the society. By implication the national government through thus medium caters for the grassroots. Local government plays vital roles in the development of the country.It can also be maintained that should local government machinery ground to a half, there is bound to be chosen and confusion. They are the overall of authority and it is through them that the provision of all facilities and services aimed at giving the people higher standard of living and maintenance of law and order can be made. Accordingly attempts have been made at different stages of the country political life to modify the local administrative system and to make them perform their role and function.But in spite of these efforts, the local government authorities continue to exhibit evidences of poor performance. Thus had led to the federal government affairs and eventual entrenchment of the system in the country’s constitution. According to Gbenga (2001) local government can be defined as the process through which government and its policies are carried to the grassroots, and stressed that during the early stage of local government in Nigeria (Gowon) which lasted from 1967-1975 the different state operated different system of local government.In the Northern state, the emirs retained some of their powers and influence because the counselors appointed by the military Governors where traditionally and spiritually expected to defer to the authority of the emirs. The East ern state and in the Midwest states abandoned the councilor system adopted the French system of decantation. In the west state Governor who had initially posted sole administration of local government areas where forced by the tax revolts of the late 1960s to reintroduce local government participation.Mustapha (2003)local government also become conduct pipe for cooting of national treasury for instance, elite cline of local government Chairman called the â€Å"Association of local government of Nigeria (ALGON) reportedly mandate the maximum military leader to deduct local government funds for the purchase of two Toyota land-cruiser jeeps for all LGA chairman, while the other belong to the police to facilitate effective policy and combat of armed robbery. Harriman (2006) local government is not creatures of state government, but one of the tiers of government of this country.Every effort should be made to allow local government councils to operate with prestige and not as beggar. Th erefore, the provision of funds and its disbursement in local government to perform its stated roles. So, importance of sound and effective management of the treasuring of a local government authority cannot be over stressed. Without effective treasuring management, the policies adopted by alocal authority in a great variety of field may not be successfully implemented comprehensive arrangement are therefore in force in all states for exercise of internal and external control over the treasuring of local government authority.But very little and in some cases, virtually no regard has been paid to the need for effective, progressive management of treasuring of local government authority. The management of treasury in the local government should be taken as a tool for controlling the activities of local authority in the country. Without proper and effective management of fund of a local government, the overall affair of the local government will be properly managed, as there will be no constant payment of staff salary, maintenance of law and order, provision of infrastructural facilities and execration of capital project.The treasuring management is a type of control exercise by the management within an organization. It is very important where the size of the organization is high and where the government of a state found it very difficult to have direct contact with the routine operation of the organization. 1. 1STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Large scale misappropriation of fund in public offices has now becomes a common practices in the society. And the local government is not exempted.Thus had led to performance in terms of services rendered to the people in spite of this modification there still exist a poor performance which is evidence in the case of the local government. This ineffectively can be traced to some factors of which poor treasuring management is one. So in this study, we will consider what constitute on effective treasury management and also how ineff iciency in the treasury can be avoided. 1. 2OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study was undertaken to provide: a)an attempt to closely look at how assessment is the treasury management, roblem and remedies in local government council in relation to the performance of roles and functions of their areas of authority. b)The length of area to which the treasury management process can contribute to the success or otherwise of a local affairs. c)What roles needs to be played by both the top level and lower level management for treasury management process to succeed in local government authority. d)The federal and state government involvement towards the attachment of defectives treasury management in a local government authority. )An overview of treasury management operation in local authorities f)An analysis of best practice and g)A basis for local governments to examine their own procedures to evaluate their performances so that improvements can be introduced where necessary. In view of the importance of treasury management in a local government is enumerated above, it is necessary also to look up into the treasury management procedure and practice employed by modern local government authority in order to accomplish their goals.Accordingly, this study will make an appraisal of the treasury management policy and practices employed by Ado local government concerned with a view of determining: A. To what extent has the proper treasury management helped the local government in performing the specific function of the local government? B. What procedure and techniques are employ by the local government in monitoring the effective treasury management? C. What principles difficulties are been faced by both management and lower level staff in treasury management planning and implementing?D. What condition is necessary in a board government to ensure effective treasury management? E. What (if any) are the probable causes of deviation in the planned and actual operation of treasu ry management and how they are redressed? F. What roles are being played by the treasurer of a local government in treasury management? 1. 3SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study focuses on treasury management system as a means of promoting proper accountability within an organization with a particular reference to Ado local government.This study will perform test and review the internal control system and the internal check that already exist in the organization. There will be careful study of the operation of the following division. ?Finance/Treasury Division ?Audit Division ?Budget and Planning Division ?Chairman / Sole Administrator 1. 4SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The outcome of this research work will be useful to the organization under reference because if the recommendation were adopted loopholes and other weakness in the existing internal control system would be exposed.This will urge the management to strengthen or if necessary build a new comprehensive treasury management which would promote proper accountability within an organization. The research work will also serve as a valuable document for students, business executives, middle management staff and other people who wish to consolidate their knowledge on treasury management. The result will also be essential to all government officers who are presently witnessing large scale of misapplication of fund and poor accountability. 1. 5DISTINGUISH BETWEEN HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH QUESTION The following are working hypothesis, which would be tested.Null and alternative hypothesis which are usually denoted by Ho and Hi, Ho: a)That well qualified personnel are employed as accounting staff and should be well – motivated in term of salaries and other fringe benefit. b)That proper internal control of the treasury management would improves staff warmth, skill and knowledge. c)That an effective treasury management is capable of executing materials frauds and error and also promotes proper accountability in an organizati on. d)That effective treasury management will enable the local government affairs its objective and standard. )The effective treasury management promotes effectives management funds. f)That management ensures reliability accounting information and document. In this study, the following questions were asked with a view of finding solution to the operation of the treasury management process. a)How important is treasury as a unit of operation in the performance of local government function and roles. b)What roles must treasurer play in the attachment of standard treasury management in the local government? c)What are the contribution of the state and the federal government toward attachment of treasury management standard in all the local government? )What are the causes of proper treasury management failure? e)What are the causes of derivation in planned and actual operation. 1. 6DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Treasurer: he is the head of the treasury department, he manages and control the fi nance of the local authority. He keeps record of all money received or spent. 2. Auditor: he sees to the check and balance of all financial transaction of the local government. 3. Vote Book: it is use in recording all expenditure and liabilities incurred by the vote controller entrusted with the management of fund of the department. . Petty Cash Book: this is an imprest book, which is kept to meet expenditure of items whose payment voucher cannot be presented immediately. 5. Capital pay office responsible for physical cash and cheque payment of wages and salaries, pension and contract. 6. Receiving Cashier: responsible of collection of cash from outsiders who make payment on fines, licenses etc and also revenue granted by revenue collector. 7. Financial Account Unit: involved in preparation of final account as well as other financial statement of local government.

Social Stratification - 1349 Words

Social Stratification: Impacting Positions in Society Social stratification is vertical hierarchical arrangement which differentiate people as superior or inferior. Societies are stratified in three ways which are,1) Social Class; 2) Racial and Ethnic stratification; and 3) Gender. 1) Social Class: According to Karl Marx, Class society is based around a primary line of division between two antagonistic classes, those who owns the means of production and those who do not own. Comer added to it in 1978 â€Å"Social Class implies having or not having the following: individual rights, privileges, power, rights over others, authority, life style choices, etc.†(Comer, 1978) 2) Racial and Ethnic Stratification: Hierarchy based upon race,†¦show more content†¦Victims of Classism, Racism and Sexism know the consequences of social stratification, but on the other hand privileged ones were unaware of any social stratification. Stratification and Conflict: Nobel Laureate Toni Morrison in her Nobel Prize lecture said, â€Å"Tell us what it is to be a women so that we may know what it is to be a man. What moves at the margin? What it is to have no homes in this place? To be set adrift from the one you knew. What it is to live at the edge of towns that cannot bear your company?† (Morrison, Karen, 1993). This potrays tragic conditions of Colored Americans in racist America. African-American primary obstacle is racism and gender bias adds upon to it. In understanding Conflict Theory, Social Classes division and competition plays an vital role.Here are few primary assumptions of Modern Conflict Theory: 1. Competition: Competion over limited resources is primary to all social relationships. Competition rather than consensus charecterises human relationships. 2. Structural Inequality: All Social Structures have inequality in rewards and power. 3. Revolution or Reforms: Conflict between classes results in changes more often than adaptations. Conflict Theory was further elaborated after Industrial Revolution in Europe by Karl Marx, Max Weber and various other Sociologists. Karl Marx – Class and Conflict : Karl Marx was the direct product of the legacy of the Renaissance and theShow MoreRelatedStratification, Stratification And Social Structure Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesIn our daily social life, when people meeting together whether with a stranger or a friend, they are likely to classify others by a certain category of characteristics consciously or unconsciously. However, making categories not only applies to individual life, also societies have categories, as what the sociologists called stratification. 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